Everything about computer

Take care of your computer properly and correctly

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So that the computer can always work properly in accordance with its function over time, the computer also requires proper maintenance.

The steps are as follows:

Clean motherboards & other peripherals (hardware) of the dust periodically. To clean it we can use soft brush and small size . At least twice a month this must be done. Open the casing first and then clean the motherboard and other peripherals (RAM, Video Card, Modem, Sound Card, CDR / CDRW / DVDRW, TV tuner) with a soft brush. At the moment did not use the computer, shut the computer (monitor, CPU, keyboard / mouse) with a cover so that dust does not easily fit into the computer.

Uninstall or remove programs that are not useful. Disk space consumed too much will slow down the read / write drive so that the workload will be heavy so be easily damaged disk. Usually will appear warning of our hard disk space also is full. Windows operating systems already support will things like this

Clean the Recycle Bin on a regular basis. Actually the files / folders that we remove the indirect loss from hard drive because it will be accommodated first in the Recycle Bin, but there are several types of settings we can use, among others give warning when deleting, delete and save them in place temporarily or permanently removed. To delete the settings and saved the place of relocation is the intention that in a moment if you still need to return again. Recycle Bin which will also have a lot of disk space-consuming which can cause disk so slow readings. The way to run Windows Explorer>> click the Recycle Bin>> click File>> click Empty Recycle Bin . Or you can run the Disk Cleanup function Please click Start>> Programs>> Accessories>> System Tools> Disk Cleanup>> then select the drives to be cleaned reply>> after the Recycle Bin Tick option if necessary also wrote another (such as temporary files , temporary Internet files), after that click OK.

Install and update anti virus programs regularly. To be able to recognize the new virus/trojan2 should update anti virus programs regularly. The virus is already spreading in the computer can make you re-install the computer. This is in addition to costs will also cause your hard disk will be more easily damaged than if not often reinstalled. Disabled be helpful to restore the system by right-clicking My Computer>> select System Restore>> and then check the check box to Turn off System Restore on all drives

Close / close programs useless reply reply Every program needs to load or run memory (RAM) so that more programs running yg yg more memory consumed. This addition can cause a slow computer (workload also becomes more severe may eventually shorten yg age components / computers

Use stabilizer. Please use the UPS or power failure to anticipate the sudden reply can cause damage to the hard drive. If we have no UPS, use stabilizer to anticipate voltage fluctuations.

Activate screen saver addition to the aesthetic nature, screen savers have other functions mouthful. CRT television also use phosphor to display images. If the monitor displays the same image for a while then there is a burning phosphorus continuously. This can cause problems which monitors the image becomes dim / less clear. Others as if your monitor is LCD, LED is fully equipped with energy saving, the screen saver is not needed so much lagi.Cara + enabled screen saver can be done in many ways, one click Start>> Control Panel>> Display>> click the screen saver tab, then select to suit your taste.

Defragmentation your hard drive regularly. Defragmentation function is to organize and sort your files by type of hard disk files / data in such a way that will ease the process of read / write so that the workload will be easier to reply eventually extend disk

Classification of Computer

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Computer Based Data Processed

Computer Analog

This computer is a machine used to receive analog signals, typically used for checking for data that does not figure, because the data obtained is data that is waves. Computer is usually used to present a situation. For example, the computer is used for checking the temperature, fuel flow calculator at gas stations, measuring the strength of light, and others. Computers are widely used for scientific activities.

Digital Computer

This computer is a computer that most of us know. The data received is the data that has a digital data. While the function is used to process quantitative data in the form of numbers, letters, punctuation and others.

Hybrid Computer

Is a computer that has the ability of the analog computers and digital computers. This kind of computer system dedicated to processing its data both quantitative and qualitative, in other words the quantitative data that is processed to produce qualitative data and vice vers.

Computer Based on its use

Special Purpose Computer

Special purpose computer is a computer for specific purposes. This computer is designed simply to solve a particular problem. Devices on this computer, both components of input, output, processing and software has been designed for this purpose. Usually the software that controls the process was directly on the system. Examples of Special Purpose Computer is a computer that is used for checkout at the supermarket.

General Purpose Computer

Computer is designed for use in general, so the computer can be used to perform various tasks in accordance with the capabilities and user should. Personal Computer is one example of this category.

Computer Based ability Scale

The following categories are viewed on a computer the ability to process, both in serving the user, processing applications, and the ability to perform tasks in many things at once at the same time.

Small Scale Computer

Small-scale computers, a computer that has the ability to process small amounts. Computers are included in this category is a desktop computer or personal computer is generally used by one person at a time.

Medium Scale Computer

Computers for medium scale. Computers are included in this category is a mini computer, which usually serves users at dumb terminals.

Large Scale Computer

Computers for large scale. Computers are included in this category is a mainframe computer. On the machine can be accessed gang, and was equipped with software tools and complete. Their use is for processing even with capacity calculation complicated enough to be completed by medium and small computers.

Classification of Computers

Computer classification is divided into six, namely:

1. Microcontroller

Microcontroller has all the basic equipment as a computer in one chip. Equipment are:
* Processing (processing)
* Memory,
* Input and output

Sometimes on some chip microcontroller combined in a single circuit board. This device is ideal for doing something that is special, so that the application be filled into the computer is an application that is dedicated. When viewed from the price, this microcontroller is generally much cheaper price compared to other computers, because the device is relatively simple. Examples of these tools include a computer that is used in cars to regulate the stability of the machine, a tool to control traffic lights.

2. Microcomputer

Computer is typically used for single-user, commonly referred to as a desktop computer or personal computer (personal computer). This computer was designed in such a way as to be able to interact with its users. Its use is very popular in use in the home, or to run business applications.

3. Engineering Workstation

Computer is more powerful when compared with personal computer, this computer is generally used to run applications used by technical experts in performing calculations and settlement work. Applications are more likely to use software that many perform various calculations, both in three dimensions, as well as other mathematics. Examples of applications that are used for computer classes are CAD (computer aided design) which is used to perform engineering design drawings.

4. Minicomputers

These computers are generally used for many users (multiuser) at the same time, and time shared. This means that shared time allows computers to be used by several users at once together, and the computer will divide his time alternately for each user. Certainly the replacement of this service time is not too feel for users, given the division of time is calculated in a very narrow, or in units of thousandths of seconds, depending on the system used.

Service users placed greater emphasis on the process, not the computer user interaction. Examples of computers that belong to this category is IBM AS/400. Computer is more likely to be used in a user group or a department at a large company.

5. Mainframe

At the beginning of the early stages of computerization, the mainframe is the only computer available at that time. This mainframe can serve hundreds of users at the same time. Computer is similar to minicomputers but larger and more expensive. Its use is generally to processing data from a division or a large company, which requires quite heavy processing.

6. Supercomputer

This computer is a powerful computer available. Applications are usually more likely to be used for scientific research. These computers usually have several processors at once to carry out their duties.

History of Computer Networking

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In the 1950s when the types of computers began to grow until create a supercomputer, a computer must serve several terminals. to that found in the concept of distribution
time-based process known as TSS (Time Sharing System), and for the first time the network formed (network) application tier computer.

TSS system at several terminals connected to a host computer. In the process of starting TSS blend of technology seems computer and telecommunications technology that was originally
developing its own.

In 1957, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed by the Department of Defense (DoD) USA. In 1967 the design the beginning of the ARPANET in 1969 published and held DoD
development of the ARPANET to conduct research to connect number of computers that form the organic network (this program known as the ARPANET).

Entering the 1970s, has more than 10 computer work connected so that these computers can communicate one another. In 1972 Roy Tomlinson managed to complete e-mail program that he created a year earlier for the ARPANET. The program is so easy and popular with the introduction of direct icons @ which means "at" or "on".

In 1973 ARPANET computer network outside the U.S. widespread States. Computer University College in London is a computer The first outside the USA who are members of the ARPANET network. In That same year, experts of 2 computers, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
presented a larger idea, which became embryo of thinking International Network (internet). This idea for the first time presented at Sussex University

Next time is a historic day on 26 March 1976, when the Queen of England managed to send an e-mail from the Royal Signal and Enstablishment radar at Malvern. Then in one year was more than 100 computers belonging to the ARPANET to form a network.

In 1979 Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin creating the first newsgroup called USENET. Year 1981 France Telecom to create a new breakthrough with the launch of the phone.
The first TV, where people can see your opponent while making a phone call speech via video link.

Because the computers that make up the network increasingly more, it requires a formal protocol that is recognized by all networks In 1982 formed Contron Transmission Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP) that we know today.

Introduced in 1984 Domain Name System (DNS) which is system of naming each computer connected to the network. Has connected more than 1000 units until the year 1984 computer and on the year 1987 computer that is connected to more than 10,000 units digits.

In 1988 Jarko find Oikarinen of Finland in introducing IRC's and a year later the number of connected computers soared 10 times (more than 100,000 computer units)

Year 1992 is the most historic years when Tim Berners Lee Find a program editor and browser that can surf from one computer with other computers. This program is called www (World Wide Web) then appearance term surfing (browsing) or browsing.

Computer History

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Computer history was begun since epoch anciently. Since anciently, data processing process was done by man. Man also find mechanical tools and electronic to help men in extrapolation and data processing so can get faster result. Computer that we finds currently be an elongated evolution of man find since anciently as tool mechanical and also electronic

Now computer and its supporting apparatus was entering deep each life and work aspect. Present aught computer have more than simply ability ordinary math count. Amongst those is computer system at supermarket cashier who can read expense goods code, telephone center that handles millions calls and communication, computer network and Internet that link place sort at world.

Computer history terminological its period is:
* Traditional Computing tool and Mechanical Calculator
* First Generation computer
* Second Generation computer
* Third Generation computer
* Fourth Generation computer
* Fifth Generation computer

Traditional computing tool and Abacus's mechanical calculator, one that surrounding appearance 5000 last years at Asia Minor and still is utilized at severally place until now get as been looked on machine beginning startup computing. This tool enable its user to do count utilizes digit angle ruled ones on one rack. Business men at that term utilizes abacus to account commerce transactions. Along with appearance it pencil and paper, particularly at Europe, abacus loses of popularity

After almost 12 centuries, other invented appearance in term computing machine. On year 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662), one that at that time old 18 years, find what does it conceive of numerik's wheels calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help its father do taxes count

Square brass box this Pascaline's named one, utilize eight wheels turn around pinking to add numbers until eight digits. This tool constitute number calculator gets basis ten. This tool weakness is just circumscribed to do sum

Year 1694, a Germany mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646 - 1716) fixing Pascaline by makes machine who can multiply. As as its advance, this mechanical tool working by use of serration wheelses. With study note and image that made by Pascal, Leibniz can perfect its tool.

New on year 1820, beginning mechanical calculator popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar finds machine who can do four aritmatik's functions basics. Colmar's mechanical calculator, arithometer, mempresentasikan is more approaching practical deep calculation because that tool gets to do sum, cut back, multiple, and division. In its own right, arithometer there are many is used until I. World War term in company with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helps to build mekanikal's computing era.

Early computer beginning that actually been formed by an English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791 - 1871). Year 1812, Babbage notices nature suitability among mechanical machine and mathematics which is pretty good mechanical machine deep work again and again same task without fault; be mathematics needs simple repetition of a one particular step. That problem to young amends until places mechanical machine as tool to answer mechanical requirement. Babbage's effort is first to answer this problem appearance on year 1822 while it proposes a machines for doing the calculation of differential's equation. That machine is named differential's Machine. By use of steam-powered, that machine gets to keep program and gets to do calculation and prints its result self acting.

After works differential mechanically in a decade, Babbage suddenly inspired for initiating make general purpose's computer is first, Analytical Engine the so called. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815 - 1842) having important role in this machine makings. It helps to revise plan, looking for finance of England government, and mengkomunikasikan is Analytical Engine's specification to public. Besides, good Augusta grasp about this machine enables it to make instruction to be inserted into machine and also makes it as woman programmer is first. On year 1980, United States Of America defense department names one programming languages by the name of Available as admiring as to her.

Babbage's steam engine, although never is finished to be worked, appear really primitive if as compared to default today. Somehow, that tool figure basic element of one modern computer and also cast one concept is of important. Consisting of vicinity 50.000 components, base designing from Analytical Engine utilize perforation cards (pocked) one that meaty operation instruction divides that machine.

On 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860 - 1929) also apply perforation card principle to do extrapolation. Its first task is find to make the point that faster to do count for United States Of America census Bureau. Previous census that is done at year 1880 need year sevens times to solve counts. With its amends population, That bureau estimates time need that decade to solve census count.

Hollerith utilizes perforation card to insert census data is next at o by that mechanical tool.. One card gets to keep until 80 variables. By use of that tool, usufruct census can be solved in the period of six weeks. Besides have gain in speed area, that card functioning as media of data depositor. Zoom glosses over count can also be pressed drastically. Hollerith then develops that tool and sells it to extensive society. It institutes Tabulating Machine Company on year 1896 is next become International Business Machine (1924) after experiences several times merger. Other firm as Remington Rand And Burroghs also memproduksi card reader tool perforation for effort to carry on business. Perforation card utilized by business and governance circle for data processing until year 1960.

On next term, severally engineer makes another new find. Vannevar Bush (18901974) make one calculator to solve differential's equation at year 1931. That machine gets to solve differential's equation complexes that all this time reputed elaborate by academician circle. That machine is huge and heavy because hundreds serrations and needed axis to do count. On year 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tries to make electrical computer that apply boolean algebra on electrical circuit. This approaching is gone upon on George Boole's job result (1815 - 1864) as binary system of algebra, one that declares for that each math equation can shown as correctness or incorrectly. With apply incorrect correctness condition into electric circuit in shaped most link is hung up, Atanasoff and berry makes first electrical computer at year 1940. But their project stopped because finance source loss.

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER
With its happening Second World War, state that engage in that martial tries to develop computer to exploit proprietary strategics potency computer. It increases computer development finance and hasten computer tech progress. On year 1941, Konrad Zuse, an engineer of Germany to build one Z3's computer, to design aircraft and guided missile.

Party abets also make headway other deep developmental computer force. Year 1943, party Englishmen to solve secrets code snapping computer which named by Colossus to solve secret code that utilized by Germany. Colossus's makings impact not very regard computer industry developing because of two reasons. First, colossus not such general purpose computer's versatile computer), it just is designed to solve secret code. Both of, in the presence this machine is guarded its secrecy until one martial afters decade ends.

Effort that did by America party at that moment results an other progress. Howard H. Aiken (1900 - 1973), a working Harvard engineer with IBM, successfully producing electronics calculator for US Navy. That calculator gets stadium half footage and have cable range along 500 miles. The Harvard IBM Automatic sequence Controlled Calculator, or i. Mark, constituting electronic relay computer. It utilizes electromagnetic signal to move mechanical component. That machine operate phlegmatically (it needs 3 5 seconds for each count) and inflexible (unalterable calculation thread). That calculator gets to do arithmetical count basic and more equation complex.

Other computer developing on this term is Electronic Numerical and Computer's Integrator (ENIAC), one that made by collaboration among commanding United States Of America and University Of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18.000 vacuum tubes, 70. 000 resistor, and 5 million dot solder, that computer constitute machine that greatly which consuming energy as big as 160kW. This computer designed by John Presper Eckert (1919 - 1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907 - 1980), ENIAC constitutes versatile computer (general purpose computer) one that working 1000 faster times than Mark I. In the middle of 1940 an, John von Neumann (1903 - 1957) fose with University Of Pennsylvania's team in effort to builds the design of concept computer that until 40 year comes is still to be used deep tech computers.

Von Neumann designs Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) on year 1945 by one memories to keep all well programs or data even. This tech enable computer for halting at the moment and then drawns out its work be back. von Neumann's architecture main key is central proceessing unit (CPU), one that enables all computer function for passes coordinated through one single source. Year 1951, I. UNIVAC (Automatic Computer's universal i.) one that made by Remington Rand, as computer komersial first that utilize von Neumann's architecture model that. Well United States Of America census Body and General Electric has UNIVAC. One of impressive result that reached by UNIVAC Dalah its success in predict Dwilight's victory D. Eisenhower blackballs year president 1952.

First Generation computer at characteristic with that fact operation instruction was made by ala specific for a given task. Each computer has to program binary code that variably the so called "machine languages" (machine language). It causes difficult computer to be programmed and draws the line its speed. Computers other characteristic first generation be tube's purpose vacuum (one that make computer on that term is fairish huge) and magnetism cylinder to laid up data.

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
On year 1948, transistor find really regard computer developing. Transistor replaces tube vacuum at television, radio, and computer. Accordingly, electric engineering measure decrease drastic. Beginning transistor to be utilized in computer starts in year 1956. Other find that as developmental as magnetic memory fundamental helps generation computer developments both of smaller ones, faster, more gets to be relied, and more economical energy is appealed advances it. First machine that utilize this new technology is supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand makes computer named LARC. This computer, one that is developed for atom energy laboratory, can handle a large amount data, one ability which indispensable by atom researcher. That machine very expensive and complex over tend for computing requirement carries on business, so draws the line popularity. There's only two LARC that has once been assembled and is utilized: one at Lawrence Radiation Labs at Livermore, California, and another one at US Navy Research And Development Center at Washington D.C. Generation computer both of replace machine languages with lingual assembly. Language assembly is lingual one utilize contractions to replace binary codes.

In the early 1960 an, beginning appearance of second generation computer successful one at area carries on business, at university, and at governance. Second Generation computer it constitute computers that utterly utilizes transistor. They also have component who can be associated by computer for the moment: printer, laid up in diskette, memory, operating system, and program. One of computer essential example on this term is IBM 1401 one is accepted widely among industry. On year 1965, nearly exhaustive business outgrow to utilize generation computer both of to process finance information.

Saved program in computer and aught programming languages in it give flexibility to computer. This flexibility increase performance at the price that becoming for purpose to carry on business. With this concept, computer can print consumer buy invoice and then carries on product design or account payroll. Severally programming languages appearance begin at that moment. Common Business Oriented Language's programming languages (COBOL) and Translator's Formula (FORTRAN) common beginning to be utilized. This programming languages replace elaborate machine code with word, sentence, and more mathematics formula perspicuous by human. It makes easy someone to program and manages computer. A variety new career appearance such as programmer, analyst, and an old hand at computer system. Soft apparatus industry also beginning to appear and amends on second generation computer

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
Although transistor in there are many thing outclasses tube vacuum, but transistor results sizable heat, one that gets potentially wreck computers internal parts. quartz stone (quartz rock) removing this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instrument, developing integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) at year 1958. IC combining three electronic components in one little silicone plate that made from quartz. Scientists then successful more insert a lot of components into a the so called single chip semiconductor. Its result, computer becomes to get little because component can be compacted deep chips. Third generation computer progress another is operating system purpose (operating system) one that enable machine for going various program that variably concomitant with one main program that monitors and coordinating computer memory.

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
After IC, to the effect development becomes clearer which is understate circuit measure and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) can load hundreds deep components one chips. On year 1980 an, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) load thousands deep components one single chips. Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increase total that becomes millions. Ability to assemble in such a way a lot of deep component a fairish piece a half metal money piece pushes descent of price and computer measure. That thing also increase job energy, efficiency and to computer mainstay. Intel's chip 4004 one is made on year 1971 take in progresses on IC by places all component of one computer (central processing is unit, memory, and conducts input / output) in one very little chip. Previously, IC is made to work a specific given task. Now, one microprocessor gets at production and then is programmed for meeting all desirable requirement. After a little, each family peripheral as microwave oven, television, and car with electronic fuel injection provided with by microprocessor.

Such developing enable common peoples to utilize ordinary computers. Computer nevermore becomes firm dominate outgrow or government agency. On year middle 1970 an, computer assembler offer their computer product goes to common society. This computer, minicomputer the so called, sold by soft apparatus package that easy being utilized by circle announces. Soft apparatus that the most popular at that moment is program word processing and spreadsheet. In the early 1980 an, game video as Atari 2600 conspicuous consumers on more computer sophisticated and gets to be programmed. On year 1981, IBM introduces Personal Computer's purpose (PC) for home use, office, and school. Total PC that utilized by melonjak of 2 million units at year 1981 as 5,5 million units at year 1982. Decade then, 65 million PC are utilized. Computer drawns out its evolution wend smaller measure, of computer that is on table (computer's desktop) as computer which can be inserted into bag (laptop), or even computer which can be gripped (palmtop).

IBM is PC competes with Apple Macintosh in play off computer market. Apple Macintosh gets wind since popularize graphics system on its computer, while its competitor is still utilize computer that gets text basis. Macintosh also popularize the mouse apparatus purpose.

On present term, we know IBM Compatible's trip with CPU using up: IBM IS PC / 486, Pentium, Pentium II., III. Pentium, Pentium IV. (Serial of Intel's brand CPU). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etcetera. This all input in fourth generation computer faction. Along with mushrooms it computer purpose at work, trick newing to dig up potency continually being developed. Along with its strength crescent a little computer, that computer get concurrently been linked in a network for mutually memory share, soft apparatus, information, and also for gets each other get communication one by another one. Network computer enable singles computer to form electronics collaboration to solve a task process. By use of about cable direct (called also local network's area, LAN), or telephone wire, this network gets amends as huge.

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
Defining generation fifth computer as difficult enough because this phase still so young. Computers imaginative example generation to five be HAL9000'S fictions computers of Arthur's novel C. Clarke gets titles 2001:Space Odyssey. Thing features all desirable function of fifth generation computer.With AI (artificial intelligence), Thing enough can have mind to do conversation with human, utilizing visual's entry, and studying of its own experience.

Although maybe realization HAL9000 stills to restrain from fact, there are many function which its proprietaries was formed. Severally computer gets to accept instruction word of mouth and can imitate mind of man. Ability for translating intern language also as maybe. This facility is simple observable.But that facility more complex get far of that preconceived while programmer realizes that human savvy very dependent on context and savvy than just as translating straightforward word.

Much progressed at computers designing area and technology progressively enable fifth generation computer. Two progress engineer that especially is parallel proceedings ability, one that will replace von Neumann's model. Model von Neumann will be replaced by system who that can coordinate many CPU for working simultaneously. Technological other superconductor who enable electrical flow without available interference whatever, one that its following can hasten information speed.

Japan is state that popularly deep jargon socialization and generation computer project to five. ICOT'S institute (Institute for new Computer Technology) also been formed for realize. There are many news which declare for that this project is washed-up, but many that other information computer project success generation to five it will take in changing new paradigm computerize at the world. We sit out information which that more valid and results result.